[167] Only two general censuses, in 1975 and 1993, have been carried out after independence. The most densely populated regions of the island are the eastern highlands and the eastern coast, contrasting most dramatically with the sparsely populated western plains. *Fertility rate, the average number of children born to women during their reproductive years. More recently . [156], Madagascar became a member state of the United Nations on 20 September 1960, shortly after gaining its independence on 26 June 1960. [97] Three-fourths[98] of Madagascar's 860[96] orchid species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine baobab species. The schools were closed by Ranavalona I in 1835,[194] but reopened and expanded in the decades after her death. Because of its advanced sports facilities, Antananarivo gained the hosting rights for several of Africa's top international basketball events, including the 2011 FIBA Africa Championship,[241] the 2009 FIBA Africa Championship for Women,[242] the 2014 FIBA Africa Under-18 Championship,[243] the 2013 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship,[244] and the 2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women. ", "Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique? In February, local authorities closed one of the churches of the local Jesosy Mamonjy (Jesus the Savior) evangelical Christian group in the Ankorondrano area of Antananarivo after an internal disagreement concerning the election of new leaders of the group devolved into a physical altercation that injured two persons. [183], Exports formed 28percent of GDP in 2009. [67] Malagasy troops fought for France in World War I. Muslim leaders continued to state the law affected the Muslim community disproportionately, since many members were descendants of immigrants and were unable to acquire citizenship, despite generations of residence in the country. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming", "Malagasy? Though the country's economy benefits from ecotourism, ecological research, and a growing agricultural sector, an unequal distribution of wealth has left more than 75% of the population living below the poverty line. [233], Among the Antaimoro people, the production of paper embedded with flowers and other decorative natural materials is a long-established tradition that the community has begun to market to eco-tourists. The bell of St. John's Catholic high school, next to the cathedral in Antsiranana in northern Madagascar, sounds for the noon break, and hundreds of students pour into the street. [73], The contested 2001 presidential elections in which then-mayor of Antananarivo, Marc Ravalomanana, eventually emerged victorious, caused a seven-month standoff in 2002 between supporters of Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka. In 2005, approximately 3% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 45% of the population under 15 years of age. [122] By the 16th century, the central highlands had been largely cleared of their original forests. The main sources of Madagascar's imports include China,[185] France, Iran, Mauritius and Hong Kong. . The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana resulted in the separation of East Gondwana (comprising Madagascar, Antarctica, Australia and the Indian subcontinent) and West Gondwana (AfricaSouth America) during the Jurassic period, around 185million years ago. These include such projects as ilmenite and zircon mining from heavy mineral sands near Tlanaro by Rio Tinto,[181] extraction of nickel by the Ambatovy mine near Moramanga and its processing near Toamasina by Sherritt International,[182] and the development of the giant onshore heavy oil deposits at Tsimiroro and Bemolanga by Madagascar Oil. This tradition was broken in 2009, when a segment of the army defected to the side of Andry Rajoelina, then-mayor of Antananarivo, in support of his attempt to force President Ravalomanana from power. The World Population Dashboard showcases global population data, including fertility rate, gender parity in school enrolment, information on sexual and reproductive health, and much more. Despite the training and leadership provided by British military advisers, the Malagasy army was unable to withstand French weaponry and was forced to surrender following an attack on the royal palace at Antananarivo. The region has an area of 30,025 square kilometers and in 2013 the estimated population is 293,522. [37], Since Madagascar gained independence from France in 1960, the island's political transitions have been marked by numerous popular protests, several disputed elections, an impeachment, two military coups and one assassination. Its the worlds second-largest island country. It received 84 seats and the supporters of former president Ravalomana got only 16 seats of 151 seats of the National Assembly. The average growth of the population is about 2.5% per year. [87] The number of Europeans has declined since independence, reduced from 68,430 in 1958[71] to 17,000 three decades later. From 1999 to 2010, scientists discovered 615 new species in Madagascar, including 41 mammals and 61 reptiles. Members of some Muslim groups denounced political interference in their internal affairs by current and former political leaders. Madagascar were refugees from the civil wars that followed the death of [36], There are several rail lines. The Kingdom of Imerina, located in the central highlands with its capital at the royal palace of Antananarivo, emerged at around the same time under the leadership of King Andriamanelo. by Mongabay.com on 22 March 2012. courts of many Malagasy tribal kingdoms. It is projected that the current growth rate of 2.69% will get down to 2% by 2045. [32] South Indian Tamil merchants arrived around 11th century. [85] This long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation..mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}, Along the length of the eastern coast runs a narrow and steep escarpment containing much of the island's remaining tropical lowland forest. In the later half of his second term, Ravalomanana was criticised by domestic and international observers who accused him of increasing authoritarianism and corruption. To force capitulation, the French bombarded and occupied the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast, and Mahajanga on the west coast, in December 1894 and January 1895 respectively. [19], In the Malagasy language, the island of Madagascar is called Madagasikara (Malagasy pronunciation:[madaaskar]) and its people are referred to as Malagasy. At 592,800 square kilometres (228,900sqmi), it is the world's second-largest island country, after Indonesia.[13]. Arabic and The total population of Madagascar was forecast to continuously increase between 2022 and 2027 by in total 4.3 million people (+14.85 percent). Overall, the number of Muslims has been growing, as well as their share of the total world population. The economy was weakened by the 2009 political crisis, and as of 2017[update], quality of life remains low for the majority of the population. In addition, they faced difficulties with access to education, healthcare, and employment. [115] They are almost all classified as rare, vulnerable, or endangered. Madagascar is a large island located in Southeastern Africa in the Indian Ocean. The percentage of the population living in urban areas in a fairly low 36.5%, so it makes sense that there aren't any other cities with populations over one million. [152], The political independence and sovereignty of the Malagasy armed forces, which comprises an army, navy and air force, was restored with independence from France in 1960. Under the law, for example, only Malagasy citizens could own land or property. [156], Despite these barriers to access, health services have shown a trend toward improvement over the past twenty years. Primary school fees were eliminated, and kits containing basic school supplies were distributed to primary students. The population of Madagascar in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 17,308,000, which placed it at number 57 in population among the 193 nations of the world. ), Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, List of World Heritage Sites in Madagascar, unconstitutional transfer of executive power, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti, treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, 2015 FIBA Africa Under-16 Championship for Women, Madagascar's national 3x3 basketball team, "Malagasy National Geographic Style Manual", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022", "India-Madagascar Separation: Breakup Along a Pre-existing Mobile Belt and Chipping of the Craton", "Settling Madagascar: When Did People First Colonize the World's Largest Island? [37], Matatana was the first Portuguese settlement on the south coast, 10km west of Fort Dauphin. In the west, 2 inhabitants per km2 is no exception. [91] The few families and genera of reptiles that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90percent of these being endemic[117] (including one endemic family). [145] Madagascar is a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military. The leadership of the Muslim Malagasy Association reported some Muslims continued to encounter difficulty obtaining official documents, such as national identity cards and passports, and when requesting services from public administration offices because of their non-Malagasy-sounding names. [24] It is proposed that Ma'anyan people were brought as laborers and slaves by Javanese and Malays in their trading fleets to Madagascar. [196], Education was prioritized under the Ravalomanana administration (200209), and is currently free and compulsory from ages 6 to 13. Ecotourism and agriculture, paired with greater investments in education, health and private enterprise, are key elements of Madagascar's development strategy. Popular resentment over Tsiranana's tolerance for this "neo-colonial" arrangement inspired a series of farmer and student protests that overturned his administration in 1972.[36]. Lemurs have been characterized as "Madagascar's flagship mammal species" by Conservation International. Education became mandatory between the ages of 6 to 13 and focused primarily on French language and practical skills. 2. [83] Neighboring islands include the French territory of Runion and the country of Mauritius to the east, as well as the state of Comoros and the French territory of Mayotte to the north west. According to the constitution, executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in the ministerial cabinet,[137] the Senate and the National Assembly, although in reality these two latter bodies have very little power or legislative role. The cities of Toamasina, Antsirabe, and Mahajanga are all of similar size with populations between 200,000 and 300,000. Nearly one in two children under the age of five is stunted. The government requires a permit for all public demonstrations, including religious events such as outdoor worship services. It has been one of the fastest growing economies in the world since 2016, largely due to their abundance of natural resources. About 20% of the population is Catholic. [238] Soccer is also popular. to Open at Bronx Zoo in Green, Refurbished Lion House", "Madagascar food crisis caused more by poverty, natural weather than climate change study", "Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending", "Liste des institutions gouvernementales de Madagascar (aot 2021)", "Madagascar finally elects Senate after 2009 coup", "Population of Cities in Madagascar (2017)", "MADAGASCAR: Former president sentenced to five years in prison", "Madagascar: Appeal launched despite political uncertainty", "Madagascar journalist Arphine Helisoa jailed on false news, incitement allegation", International Institute of Strategic Studies, "Presentation des resultats de la cartographie numerique en preparation du troisieme recensement generale de la population et de l'habitation", "United Nations Member States | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases", "Madagascar Country Programme (20152019) | World Food Programme", "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament No. In addition, the Malagasy traditionally believe in a creator god, called Zanahary or Andriamanitra. Madagascar is the fourth-largest island in the world, with a population of over 26 million people and a diverse array of plants and animals. Islam was first brought to the Madagascar in the Middle Ages by Somali Muslim and Arab . Religious leaders, including representatives of the evangelical Vahao ny Oloko (Release my People) Christian Church, continued to state that inadequate government enforcement of labor laws resulted in some employers requiring their employees to work during regular days of worship. Between 1828 and 1861, the tangena ordeal caused about 3,000 deaths annually. [184] Imports of such items as foodstuffs, fuel, capital goods, vehicles, consumer goods and electronics consume an estimated 52percent of GDP. Radio broadcasts remain the principal means by which the Malagasy population access international, national, and local news. [216] The vast majority of Muslims are Sunni, with a sizeable Ahmadiyya minority. A Protestant church leader said, however, that after negotiations with the authorities, they were allowed to have more attendees in religious services as long as they observed health safety rules and social distancing. As of 2011[update], areas protected by the state included five Strict Nature Reserves (Rserves Naturelles Intgrales), 21 Wildlife Reserves (Rserves Spciales) and 21 National Parks (Parcs Nationaux). Other cultural elements commonly found throughout the island include the practice of male circumcision; strong kinship ties; a widespread belief in the power of magic, diviners, astrology and witch doctors; and a traditional division of social classes into nobles, commoners, and slaves. The total Land Area of Madagascar is 581,540 sq. Indonesians. 03 / Select Countries You can add more than one country or area. [36] In 2004, Cyclone Gafilo became the strongest cyclone ever recorded to hit Madagascar. [96] The family Didiereaceae, composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the spiny forests of southwestern Madagascar. Another threatened species, the rare . In particular, the nationality law failed to provide a mechanism to naturalize children born in the country of two stateless parents. In 2012, the population of Madagascar was approximately 22 million people, 90% of them live on less than 2 $ per day. [211] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, 58.1% of the population is Christian, 2.1% is Muslim, 39.2% practices traditional faiths, while 0.6% of the population is non-religious or adheres to other faiths as of 2020. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom, Section IV. [150] By the early 19th century, the Merina sovereigns of the Kingdom of Madagascar had brought much of the island under their control by mobilizing an army of trained and armed soldiers numbering as high as 30,000. 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